It is impossible to read and weigh the facts
in connection with the conviction of Oscar Slater in May, 1909,
at the High Court in Edinburgh,
without feeling deeply dissatisfied with the proceedings,
and morally certain that justice was not done

(Conan Doyle – ‘The Case of Oscar Slater’)

.

We were introduced to the Oscar Slater Case, often called the ‘Scottish Dreyfus affair’,  by our friends Iain and Margaret. Iain has not only written three ‘Letters from Scotland’ about the subject but also a number of very interesting comments. Our dear Scottish friends have more than one story to tell about their country and we are always  eager to read their pages, remarkably documented and so beautifully written,  either they come from Margaret or Iain. Many many thanks to them! Below are Iain’s three articles about the Oscar Slater affair.

• Monstrous Conspiracy that condemned the innocent Oscar Slater (1909)
• Reflections on the Oscar Slater Affair
• Oscar Slater Set Free…

These letters have received a number of comments from our readers.  Some of them are the descendants of  people who had been  involved in the Oscar Slater Case, more than a hundred years ago. Jim Mc Ginley is the author of  ‘Oscar Slater’s Shoes’, a song denouncing the conspiracy against Oscar Slater. We are particularly happy and much honoured to have been contacted by Mr Thomas Toughill,  the very author of Oscar Slater who has begun to discuss the Oscar Slater affair on Scotiana. His last message can be found at the end of Iain’s article ‘Oscar Slater Set Free’. Again, many thanks to Iain for the time he has generously spent to answer these comments.  In his answers we learn much about  the historical and social background of the Oscar Slater Case  and about Glasgow, a city which has few secrets for Iain and Margaret 😉

I am all the more interested by the Oscar Slater Case that it is similar to the sadly famous Dreyfus case which took place in France about fifteen years before the Oscar Slater affair.

‘Slater claimed that he had been framed and called himself the ‘Scottish Dreyfus’, a reference to Alfred Dreyfus, the French soldier of Jewish descent who in 1894 was convicted on suspect evidence of being a German spy and sent to Devil’s.’

(From the Introduction of Oscar Slater –  Thomas Toughill)

‘The Dreyfus Affair divided French society, with many people – including Georges Clemenceau, the future Prime Minister – claiming that the anti-semitic French establishment was actually protecting the real spy, one Major Ferdinand Esterhazy. Dreyfus was finally released in 1906 and restored to his army rank. After the First World War, the German government confirmed that Esterhazy had been the guilty party.’

(From the Introduction of Oscar Slater –  Thomas Toughill)

Portrait of Emile Zola Wikipedia

‘There is another aspect in which Slater resembled Alfred Dreyfus. Like the Frenchman, he was championed by a great literary figure. Dreyfus had Emile Zola, the novelist, whose blistering open letter, ‘J’accuse’, in the L’Aurore newspaper proved a turning point in the case. Slater, for his part, had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, as his tireless champion.’

(From the Introduction of Oscar Slater –  Thomas Toughill)

Oscar Slater The True Crime files of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

‘Sir Arthur eventually succeeded in freeing Slater, but such was the bureaucratic opposition the great man encountered that he once wrote in The Spectator magazine:

The whole case will, in my opinion, remain immortal in the classics of crime as the supreme example of official incompetence and obstinacy.’

(From the Introduction of Oscar Slater –  Thomas Toughill)

Conan Doyle wrote of the shame
of the case that bore his name
saying he was not the man the witness saw

John Trench, he made a plea
got kicked off the CID
fitted up and slandered by the law

But an argument so strong
would surely right this wrong
and eventually his innocence was proved

in 1927 he was released
he stepped out with relief
just glad to walk in Oscar Slater’s Shoes

(From McGinley’s song ‘Oscar Slater’s Shoes’, the entire text appearing in the comments following Iain’s article ‘Monstrous Conspiracy that condemned the innocent Oscar Slater  in 1909)

Sherlock Holmes Statue – Picadilly Place – Edinburgh

“Data! Data! Data!” he cried impatiently. “I can’t make bricks without clay.”

(Sherlock Holmes’s quote in ‘The Adventure of the Copper Beeches’ – Conan Doyle)

“Let me run over the principal steps. We approached the case, you remember, with an absolutely blank mind, which is always an advantage. We had formed no theories. We were simply there to observe and to draw inferences from our observations.”

(Sherlock Holmes’s quote  in ‘The Adventure of the Cardboard Box’ – Conan Doyle)

On Scotiana, we are all fans of Conan Doyle, the very popular Scottish author who was born in Edinburgh on May 22nd 1859, and of course of Sherlock Holmes, his very famous detective who has become so popular all over the world than some people still think he is a true detective. Conan Doyle is less known as the defender of two great causes, not to say lost causes, which made the headlines in his time: ‘The Case of George Ernest Thomson Edalji’ and ‘The Case of Oscar Slater’.

I had never heard about the Oscar Slater Case before reading Iain’s articles and comments about this affair. It is a very special case and indeed one which is studied in law schools and universities. I’ve decided to try and know more about this incredible affair and that is why I’ve got immersed in a number of books, reading several of them at the same time, trying to collect as many data as possible from different sources.  The books complete each other and sometimes their conclusions contradict.  In my notes I’ve tried to examine the facts  without ‘a priori’, as they are described by authors who have been lucky enough to reach primary sources in the now open archives. They have made and still do considerable research work. The books I’m reading and which I quote largely are listed in the selected bibliography I’ve added at the end of this post. More books will be added to this list in the next posts.

My notes start with the very beginning of The Oscar Slater Case, that is the fatal day of 21 December 1908 when Miss Gilchrist, a rich old lady was savagely assassinated in a wealthy and peaceful area of Glasgow.

‘The ground-floor flat, immediately below Miss Gilchrist’s, was what is described in Scotland as a ‘maindoor house’, that is to say it had its own private entrance – a separate front-door giving access to the street. This door, numbered both 51 West Princes Street and 14 Queen’s Terrace – Queen’s Terrace being the name given to a section forming the south side of the east end of West Princes Street – shared a pediment, at the top of five wide, shallow steps leading up from the pavement, with another door set on its left. This second street-door – numbered 49 West Princes and  15 Queen’s Terrace – opened into a small passage, lobby, or (Scots) close, apart from, and running behind which, the maindoor house occupied the whole ground floor. From this close, three short flights of common stair led up to the first-floor flat, where Miss Gilchrist had lived for the past 30-odd years.’

(The Oscar Slater Murder Story – Richard Whittington-Egan 2001)

 The Crime Scene

Miss Marion Gilchrist’s House in Glasgow, on West Princes Street, formerly Queen’s Terrace

‘This respectable story has a respectable beginning in a respectable family’s flat in a respectable Glasgow street. It was about seven o’clock on a wet night in West Princes Street, which runs off St George’s Road, and is less than half a mile from Charing Cross (…) There were only three shopping days to Christmas, 1908, and in the dining-room of the Adams’ flat at 51 West Princes Street, Arthur Montague Adams was tying up a Christmas parcel.’

(From Jack House’s Square Mile of Murder – Chapter ‘The Man Who Didn’t – The Case of Oscar Slater)

On the above picture you can see the ‘close door’* of 15 Queen’s Terrace (right door) which opened on a staircase leading to Miss Marion Gilchrist’s flat, on the first floor, where the old lady was to be found agonizing at the end of a rainy day, on monday 21 December 1908. This savage murder took place around 7 p.m. only a few minutes after her servant had left the house to buy the Evening News for her mistress.  Nellie Lambie, the old lady’s servant, and Arthur Adams, Miss Gilchrist’s neighbour who lived at 14 Queen’s Terrace (left door) with his mother and five of his six sisters, were the first people to arrive on the murder scene, if one excepts the mysterious man who was suddenly seen emerging in the hall from the door giving access to the bedrooms.

15 Queen’s Terrace  is  a two-storey tenement situated on West Princes Street, a few yards from the junction with St George’s Road where Oscar Slater lived.  Miss Gilchrist, a rich old lady, had inhabited on the first floor flat, a large and very cosy apartment, for three decades. The top floor was empty which made the old lady rather insecure. Indeed, she had become more and more anxious in the last months, following the unexplained death of her little dog and the growing problems with some members of her family which had led her to write a new will. She also feared burglary for she kept priceless jewels in her flat. She even thought that she could be murdered. All that explains why Miss Gilchrist had arranged with her neighbours to struck ‘three knocks on the floor’ if something was going wrong. A burglary seemed however most unlikely for the old lady’s apartment had become as secure as a fortress: hand-lever in the hall for opening the close-door, two locks and a chain to open the flat door.

 * ‘Close door’ Mr Adams [..]lived in  a house on the ground floor with its own door. Next to this private door was what we call in Glasgow a ‘close door’. When you opened it, a flight of stairs led up to the first floor, where there was a flat occupied by a Miss Marion Gilchrist. The stairway continued up to the second floor and an unoccupied flat.

(From Jack House’s Square Mile of Murder – Chapter ‘The Man Who Didn’t – The Case of Oscar Slater)

On the Saturday before the murder Oscar Slater went to More’s shop in Sauchiehall Street and ordered his Christmas cards.

Although he was a Jew, he always observed Christmas and sent his old father and mother in Germany a present every year.

(Jack House Square Mile of Murder )

Monday 21 December 1908

And now comes the fatal day – truly so for Miss Marion Gilchrist, and nearly so for Oscar Slater.

(Jack House Square Mile of Murder )

 The scent of Christmas is in the air – aroma of oranges and silver-bedded tangerines, turkey and roast chestnuts;  sparkle, ice-sharp, of sugar-frosted mince pies.

The short December afternoon has died early into winter darkness. Glasgow’s Sauchiehall Street is vibrantly alive, a sound and fury of clash and colour.

Four shopping days to Christmas. Hogmanay looming.

(The Oscar Slater Murder Story – Richard Whittington-Egan Neil Wilson Publishing – Glasgow – 2009)

The old lady murder at 15 Queen’s Terrace

6.55  p.m.

On their way to 14 Queen’s Terrace, Mrs Liddell (a married sister of Arthur Adams) and her aged mother notice a man leaning against the railings under the Adams family’s dining room window.

7 p.m.

Lambie goes out  to buy the Evening News in a nearby shop on St George’s Road. She closes the front door and shuts the street door.

Arthur Adams is then sitting in the dining room busy tying up a Christmas parcel while his sister Laura, who has just learned that the pupil to whom she was about to give a music lesson could not come, is standing in front of the fireplace when they suddenly hear a tremendous thud upstairs, as if Miss Gilchrist had fallen on the ground. At that moment their sister Rowena (Mrs Liddell) comes into the room and they all hear what Arthur will describe later as ‘three distinct knocks on the floor’, the very signal they had arranged with Miss Gilchrist in case of danger. Laura immediately thinks Miss Gilchrist is calling for help. Arthur rushes out his own house and through the ‘close door’ of his neighbour up to the old lady flat. He is surprised to find the street door ajar though he has not heard Miss Gilchrist’s doorbell, as he usually does.  The flat door is closed. He rings three times without receiving any answer. Through glass panels on the either side of the door, he notices that the lobby gas is lit. Then, he perceives noises which he attributes to the maid who must be breaking sticks in the kitchen. After waiting for a few minutes he returns to his house but Laura, who has heard more noises in the above dining-room, is not convinced that everything is ok with the old lady. ‘That’s not cracking sticks!’ she says as the noise returns much more loudly than before. Arthur immediately goes back to Miss Gilchrist’s flat. It is about six or seven minutes after seven.

No sound can be heard from the flat this time. While Adams keeps ringing the bell Lambie comes back, surprised to find him there and also to have found the street door ajar and footmarks on the two steps nearest the door.  Arthur tells her that there must be something wrong with her mistress. They have heard alarming noises from above and a sound which made them feel the ceiling was going to crack.  Lambie  doesn’t seem to be alarmed at the noises saying it must be the kitchen pulleys which have give them trouble recently.  Adams decides to wait and make sure everything is alright.

Lambie opens the door with her two latch keys and steps into the flat. The lamp is lit in the hall but produces only a dim light. While Lambie is on her way to  the kitchen to check the pulleys and Adams is waiting on the doorstep, a well dressed man suddenly emerges from the lobby giving access to the bedrooms and makes for the door where Arthur Adams is standing. The man doesn’t seem to be in a hurry and behaves like a friend or a relative who is used to call here. Lambie  stops and stares at the man but doesn’t seem to be surprised to see him in the flat. Adams, influenced by Lambie’s lack of reaction, lets him pass but, as soon as the man has gone out he rushes down the stairs, banging the street door before disappearing in the night.

After checking the kitchen where everything is alright and the spare bedroom where the mess does not seem to alarm her, Lambie at last goes into the dining room where she had left the old lady reading in front of the fireplace. She could have done that before, all the more since the door of the dining-room is situated on the left when you enter the hall. Arthur Adams must have been paralysed by the sudden horror shriek of the maid who rushes out of the room to Arthur Adams  ‘Oh, come and see… my mistress… she’s lying on the floor’  The scene must have been horrible to see , and indeed I pass you the details, for Miss Gilchrist is lying on the ground in front of the fireplace, with a rug over her head and blood all around. Arthur Adams and Lambie rush down the stairs, Arthur trying to catch up the man but without success, as we can guess, and Lambie first trying to seek comfort from a friend who works as a servant at Dr Adams home across the road before hurrying along West Prince’s Street to 19 Blythswood Drive, the home of Miss Gilchrist’s niece. On her way she meets Constable William Neill who was patrolling in the area  and Arthur who is coming back out of breath from his unsuccessful chase. Both men come back to Miss Gilchrist’s flat.

7.20 p.m.

A lot of people are now gathering in the old lady’s flat. Arthur Adams leads PC Neill in the dining-room and both are stunned to see that, in spite of her fatal injuries, Miss Gilchrist is still breathing. Arthur Adams immediately goes and gets a doctor. It will be Dr Adams  rwho lives across the road (no relation with him). When the doctor arrives in the flat Miss Gilchrist is dead. Dr Adams carefully examines her injuries and the murder scene but, strangely enough, he will never be summoned at Oscar Slater’s trial to give evidence. Nellie Lambie soon comes back to the flat, closely followed by Margaret Dawson Birrell, Miss Gilchrist’s niece. PC Frank Brien, another constable, is introduced by PC Neill in the flat. The 81-old-aged doctor of Miss Gilchrist, Dr Robert Perry, also arrives to get news and Dr John Wright, casualty surgeon to the Western District Glasgow Police comes to examine the body. Last but not least, the presence of a fourth medical man is to be noted on the place that night. This man is Dr Francis James Charteris, no less than Miss Gilchrist’s nephew born from the second marriage of her brother’s widow, comes to the place.

From 7.30…

The Police arrive in force 

From the Western District :

• Superintendent William Miller Douglas
• Detective Inspector John Pyper
• Detective Constable Duncan MacVicar

From the Central District:

• The Procurator-Fiscal James Neil Hart
• Detective Chief Superintendent Ord in charge of the whole of Glasgow’es Detective Department
• Detective Lieutenant William Gordon

N.B – It is interesting to note that a policeman who was going to play a very important part in the Oscar Slater Case also came that night to 49 West Princes Street though he didn’t enter the flat. This is John Thomson Trench, a detective officer attached to the Central Division.

The Police begin their inquiries

• collecting evidence :

– In the dining room, examining the body of the old lady and looking for  the murder weapon (heavy chair, fire tongs…)

– In the spare bedroom : 3 boxes are broken open and one was containing private papers which have been scattered all over the room – A box of matches is found wearing the strangely appropriate name of “The Runaway Match”, not the kind of matches used in the house of Miss Gilchrist. One spent match is also found on the place which was probably used by the stranger to lit the gas lamp. There are no blood spots in the room and indeed nowhere else in the flat except in the dining-room.

• questioning the two main witnesses

Lambie and Arthur are asked to give a detailed account of the events and to describe the mysterious man they met in the lobby. Lambie is asked to check if there is something missing in the apartment.

9.40 p.m.

The following notice  is issued to the Glasgow Police:

An old lady was murdered in her home at 15 Queen’s Terrace between 7 and 7.10 pm today by a man from 25 to 30, 5 feet 7 or 8*, think clean-shaven. Wore a long grey overcoat and dark cap. Robbery appears to have been the object of the murder, as a number of boxes in a bedroom were opened and left lying on the floor. A large-sized, crescent-shaped gold brooch, set with diamonds, large diamonds in centre, graduating towards the points, is missing and may be in the possession of the murderer. The diamonds are set in silver. No trace of the murderer has been got. Constables will please warn booking-clerks and railway stations, as the murderer will have bloodstains on his clothing. Also warn pawns on opening regarding brooch, and keep a sharp look-out.

*between 1.70  and 1.73 m

Night falls  on 14-15 Queen’s Terrace, the street is now empty and the whole area has regained an apparent quiet atmosphere for inside their houses, upset and anxious,  people must talk about the savage murder of the old lady who was well-known here.

Arrangements have been made for Lambie to move in with her aunt at South Kinning Place.

Miss Gilchrist’s body will be left in situ overnight, under the guard of Constable Brien. Not the best way to spend the night! Was he really alone with the dead old lady, I wonder.  

…………………..

So far, there is no link between the murder of Miss Gilchrist and Oscar Slater, the Jewish German who lives at 69 George’s Road, not far from West Princes Street. He is about to fulfil his dream of a new life in America without having the least idea of the terrible fate which is looming over his head…

I’m already taking notes for the next page of this incredible and sad story. To be sure, it’s not a Christmas story though it took place in that festive time of the season, full of joy and anticipation, more than a hundred years ago.

This article is only a basis for work on the subject. We live in an era of communication and though sometimes we happen to sail on dangerous waters the media give us an unprecedented opportunity to get information, spread it and discuss it. Let us try to get the best of such opportunity!

Bonne lecture!

A bientôt for the next episode.

Mairiuna

A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Case of Oscar Slater by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Hodder & Stoughton 1912

Oscar Slater The ‘Immortal Case’ of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle  by Thomas Toughill 2006 first published in 1993 by Canongate Press Ltd. under the title Oscar Slater The Mystery Solved

Square Mile of Murder Horrific Glasgow Killings by  Jack House –  Chapter ‘The Man Who Didn’t’ – Black & White Publishing 2002 – first published in 1961 by W. & R. Chambers, republished in 1984 and 1988 by Richard Drew Publishing Ltd

The Oscar Slater Murder Story – Richard Whittington-Egan Neil Wilson Publishing – Glasgow – 2009 – first published in 2001)

The True Crime Files of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle rediscovered by Stephen Hines with an introduction by Edgar Award-winning  author Steven Womack Berkley Prime Crime 2001

Oscar Slater: The Great Suspect Peter Hunt Carroll & Nicholson 1951

Trial of Oscar Slater William Roughead  – Notable British Trials Series –  William Hodge 1910 – 1915 – 1929